The Septuagint (LXX) is the first known translation of the Bible. Beginning in approximately the 3rd century BC with the translation of the Pentateuch into Greek from the original Hebrew, the creation of the LXX spans three centuries and comprises all books of the Hebrew Bible, plus the books of the Deuterocanon/Apocrypha. The significance of the LXX cannot be overstated as nearly all quotations of the Old Testament by the New Testament writers as well as Josephus and Philo come from this translation. Even today, over 200 million Christians see the LXX as an authoritative Old Testament text over and above the Hebrew Bible.
Although Alfred Rahlf’s 1935 critical edition (revised 2006) of the LXX currently remains the standard for LXX studies, its textual basis is somewhat lacking as it is based primarily on the Vaticanus, Sinaiticus, and Alexandrinus codices. Seeing the need for a more comprehensive critical edition, the publication of the more extensive Göttingen LXX began in 1931 and continues–still not complete–through today. The Göttingen LXX has a much more extensive apparatus, taking into account more manuscripts and textual variants as seen in this comparison below in parallel with Rahlfs’ edition.
Click/tap the image above and note the considerably more extensive textual apparatus in the Göttingen LXX on the left vs. Rahlfs’ LXX on the right.
Ezekiel, revised in print in 2015, is the most recently updated volume of the Göttingen LXX. As of today, it is also available for the Accordance Library. In addition to releasing the Ezekiel volume, we have also reduced the price of most of our Göttingen titles. Accordance users who have purchased previous installments of the Göttingen LXX will want to upgrade to our new “Big 17 Bundle” which includes all published Old Testament volumes except Job. (*Note: For users who already own individual volumes of the Pentateuch, see upgrade options to the Big 17 Bundle here and upgrade procedure to the full Pentateuch here.)
All volumes of the Göttingen LXX in Accordance include the grammatically tagged critical text together with the corresponding apparatus. The Göttingen LXX can be placed in parallel with Rahlfs’ LXX, the Hebrew Bible, or any translation of the Old Testament.
In recent years, there has been a resurgence in LXX studies. Often when the LXX and and Dead Sea Scrolls agree together against the 10th century Masoretic Text, the older reading is seen as more original. Thus, no study of the Old Testament can be considered truly comprehensive unless the LXX is taken into consideration, and no serious study of this ancient translation can be complete without the Göttingen volumes.
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Big 17 Bundle Note: See upgrade options below. Includes all published OT volumes except Job: Pentateuch, Ruth, 1-2 Esdras, Esther, 1-2 Maccabees, Psalms and Odes, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), The Twelve, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel (NEW!)
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Pentateuch LXX Göttingen with Apparatus Note: See upgrade procedure below. This module includes the grammatically tagged critical text of entire LXX Pentateuch (Genesis through Deuteronomy) together with the apparatus.
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NEW! Ezekiel LXX Göttingen with Apparatus
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Upgrade Options to the Big 17 Bundle:
In order to provide the best possible Custom Upgrade price for the Big 17 Bundle, upgrade options to the Big 17 Bundle depend on whether or not users have previously purchased any volumes of the Pentateuch.
- For users who own NO individual Pentateuch LXX Göttingen volumes:
- No additional steps are required. Just click the Custom Upgrade button for the Big 17 Bundle.
- For users who own SOME or ALL individual Pentateuch LXX Göttingen volumes:
- First purchase the LXXG-PENT Bundle which provides a Custom Upgrade price to the 5-module Pentateuch Bundle (you will not pay again for any modules you already own).
- Also “purchase” the free upgrade to the combined LXXG-PENT module which provides a combined 1-module Pentateuch product.
- Finally, click the Custom Upgrade button for the Big 17 Bundle.
If there is a any question, just order the Custom Upgrade and leave a note for customer service. They will ensure a fair price for you.
Upgrade Procedure to the Pentateuch:
The Pentateuch products are available in two formats: 5 individual modules (LXXG-GEN, LXXG-EX, etc) or as a 1-module product (LXXG-PENT) which contains all five volumes in one module.
Users who own any of the individual modules of the Pentateuch who wish to upgrade to the full Pentateuch should:
- Use the Custom Upgrade option of the LXXG-PENT Bundle product, and
- “Purchase” the free upgrade to the combined LXXG-PENT module which provides a combined 1-module Pentateuch product.